Heat oil in a large pot over medium heat. Add onion and garlic; cook until tender. Stir in potato, broccoli, corn, spinach, mushrooms, carrots, and cabbage. Pour in chicken broth and bring to a boil. Reduce heat to low and simmer 20 minutes, or until potato is tender.

Stir egg noodles and white beans into the pot; continue cooking 7 minutes, or until noodles are tender and beans are heated through.