Preheat the oven to 350 degrees F (175 degrees C).

Melt butter in a deep skillet over medium heat. Cook and stir ground beef until browned, about 5 minutes.

Add onion, salt, pepper, and garlic powder to the skillet; cook until onion softens, 3 to 5 minutes. Add cabbage and cook until tender, about 5 minutes. Stir mushroom soup into the skillet.

Open crescent roll packages and unroll dough. Press 8 pieces into the bottom of a 9x13-inch baking dish. Pour beef mixture on top. Cover with Cheddar and mozzarella cheeses. Place remaining 8 pieces dough on top.

Bake in the preheated oven until top is golden brown and filling is bubbling, 20 to 30 minutes.