Preheat the oven to 400 degrees F (200 degrees C). Coat a 9x13-inch baking pan and an 8-inch square or round pan with cooking spray.

Heat a large skillet over medium-high heat. Add ground beef, celery, and onion; season with salt and pepper. Cook and stir until beef browned and crumbly and vegetables translucent, about 10 minutes. Add condensed soups; mix well.

Layer cabbage into both the prepared pans. Add 2 sliced potatoes to the 8-inch pan and remaining 3 sliced potatoes to the 9x13-inch pan to cover. Spoon beef mixture over potatoes and cabbage.

Bake in the preheated oven, covered, 1 hour. Uncover; continue baking 15 minutes more.